Quaestura exercitus

Quaestura exercitus, Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun özel idari bölgesidir, merkezi Odessus'tur (günümüz Varna), İmparator I. Justinianus (527–565 arası) tarafından 18 Mayıs 536 tarihinde kurulmuştur[1]: Toprak olarak Quaestura exercitus, Moesia Inferior ve Küçük İskitya'un Roma vilayetlerini içermektedir, Kıbrıs, Karya ve Ege adaları (örneğin Kiklad Adaları) vilayetleri ile aşağı Tuna bölgesine yerleşmiştir. Tüm bu vilayetler Doğu'nun Praetorian prefecture yönetiminden çıkarılıp quaestor exercitus ("Ordunun Quaestoru") ismiyle yeni oluşturulan askeri makamın idaresine verilmiştir.[2] Quaestor'un yetkileri magister militum'un yetkilerine denkti.[3] Stratejik olarak yaşamsal fakat ekonomik olarak ise zayıf Tuna vilayetlerinde, quaestura exercitus birliklerin orada kalmalarını desteklemeye yardımcı olmaktı. Daha zengin aşağı Tuna vilayetlerine ulaşmak için, Justinianus tedariği Karadeniz üzerinden sağlayabiliyordu. Sabit ve sürekli birlikler ile torakların yeniden yapılandırılması Tuna vilayetlerinin hem fakir halkı hem de harap kırsal kesimini rahatlattı. Maalesef quaestura exercitus tarihi ile ilgili yeterli kanıt eksikliği vardır. Fakat 570lerin ortalarında hala quaestor makamının varlığını devam ettirmesi, bu topraklardaki birliklerin bir nebze başarı gösterdiklerini göstermektedir.[4][5]

Sonuçta, quaestura exercitus ile ilişkilendirilmiş Tuna vilayetleri, 7. yüzyılda Slav ve Avar istilasında ayakta kalamamışlardır. Fakat, denizden tedarik sağlanabilen Tuna deltasında ve Karadeniz boyunca izole kaleler elde kalmıştır ve quaestura yapısından kalanlar ile Karabisianoi ilk yapısı kurulmuş, bu yeni yapı büyük Bizans donanmasının birliklerini oluşturduğuna dair kanıtlar vardır.[6] Moesia Inferior ve Küçük İskitya'dan kurşun mühürler, quaestura exercitus varlığını destekleyen kanıtlardır. Özellikle 13 imparatorluk mührü (9 tanesi Justinianus döneminden) göstermektedir ki Küçük İskitya ile Konstantinopolis'ten subaylar arasında iletişim bir şekilde düzenli şekilde olmaktadır.[7]

Kaynakça

Velkov 1977, s. 62"536 (18 Mayıs) bir özel idari bölge yaratıldı - quaestura exercitus. Aşağı Moesia ve İskitya (Trakya bölgesinden ayrılmıştır), Kiklad Adaları, Karya, ve Kıbrıs içermektedir."
Maas 2005, s. 120: "This infrastructure possessed flexibility and scope for adaptation according to circumstances specific to different parts of the empire, as demonstrated by Justinian's establishment of the quaestura exercitus (quaestorship of the army) in 536, whereby the provinces of Moesia and Scythia on the lower Danube and the Asian provinces of Caria, Cyprus, and the Islands were detached from the praetorian prefecture of the east and placed under the authority of a new official, the quaestor of the army."
Haldon 1999, s. 68: "Önemli yeni bir kıta komutanı, quaestura exercitus, Justinianus döneminde ortaya çıktı. Magister militum'a denkti, placed under the authority of an officer entitled quaestor, with authority over troops based in the Danube frontier zone (the provinces of Scythia and Moesia II), but including also the Asia Minor coastal province of Caria and the Aegean islands."
Maas 2005, s. 120: "The Danubian provinces, strategically critical but economically poor, had long struggled to support the troops stationed in them, a problem Justinian sought to solve by linking them in this way with the wealthier and more secure Asian provinces that could transport supplies via the Black Sea to the lower Danube. Although evidence about the subsequent history of this arrangement is limited, the post of quaestor was still in existence in the mid 570s, suggesting that it achieved some success."
Haldon 1999, s. 68: "The purpose appears to have been to supply the Danube frontier forces by sea from a secure hinterland, thus sparing the hard-pressed population and ravaged countryside of the frontier districts where the armies were based."
Haldon 1999, s. 74: "The districts ascribed to the old quaestura exercitus established by Justinian did not survive the Slav and Avar invasions of the Balkan provinces (although isolated fortresses on the Danube delta and along the coast of the Black Sea were maintained and supplied by sea); but its Aegean regions remained, as before, the source of men, ships and resources for a maritime corps known in the later seventh century as the "ship troops", or Karabisianoi, probably based at first on Rhodes, although also drawing its soldiers from the mainland."
Curta 2001: "Ever since A. H. Jones interpreted the quaestura exercitus as an administrative reform designed to ensure a continuous food supply for troops stationed on the Thracian border, scholars insisted that the attributions of the quaestor were primarily financial. He was directly responsible for the annona (provisioning) of the army in Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor. In addition, lead seals found in the region point to communication of some regularity between the two Balkan provinces included in the quaestura exercitus and the central government. Thirteen imperial seals, nine of which are from Justinian, demonstrate that officials in Scythia Minor received letters and written orders from the emperor."

Kaynakça

Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region c. 500-700. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80202-4.
Maas, Michael (2005). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81746-3.
Haldon, John (1999). Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565-1204 (İngilizce). Londra: UCL Press. ISBN 1-85728-495-X.
Velkov, Velizar Iv. (1977). Cities in Thrace and Dacia in Late Antiquity: (Studies and Materials). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: A. M. Hakkert.

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[1] Velkov 1977, s. 62"536 (18 Mayıs) bir özel idari bölge yaratıldı - quaestura exercitus. Aşağı Moesia ve İskitya (Trakya bölgesinden ayrılmıştır), Kiklad Adaları, Karya, ve Kıbrıs içermektedir."

[2] Maas 2005, s. 120: "This infrastructure possessed flexibility and scope for adaptation according to circumstances specific to different parts of the empire, as demonstrated by Justinian's establishment of the quaestura exercitus (quaestorship of the army) in 536, whereby the provinces of Moesia and Scythia on the lower Danube and the Asian provinces of Caria, Cyprus, and the Islands were detached from the praetorian prefecture of the east and placed under the authority of a new official, the quaestor of the army."

[3] Haldon 1999, s. 68: "Önemli yeni bir kıta komutanı, quaestura exercitus, Justinianus döneminde ortaya çıktı. Magister militum'a denkti, placed under the authority of an officer entitled quaestor, with authority over troops based in the Danube frontier zone (the provinces of Scythia and Moesia II), but including also the Asia Minor coastal province of Caria and the Aegean islands."

[4] Maas 2005, s. 120: "The Danubian provinces, strategically critical but economically poor, had long struggled to support the troops stationed in them, a problem Justinian sought to solve by linking them in this way with the wealthier and more secure Asian provinces that could transport supplies via the Black Sea to the lower Danube. Although evidence about the subsequent history of this arrangement is limited, the post of quaestor was still in existence in the mid 570s, suggesting that it achieved some success."

[5] Haldon 1999, s. 68: "The purpose appears to have been to supply the Danube frontier forces by sea from a secure hinterland, thus sparing the hard-pressed population and ravaged countryside of the frontier districts where the armies were based."

[6] Haldon 1999, s. 74: "The districts ascribed to the old quaestura exercitus established by Justinian did not survive the Slav and Avar invasions of the Balkan provinces (although isolated fortresses on the Danube delta and along the coast of the Black Sea were maintained and supplied by sea); but its Aegean regions remained, as before, the source of men, ships and resources for a maritime corps known in the later seventh century as the "ship troops", or Karabisianoi, probably based at first on Rhodes, although also drawing its soldiers from the mainland."

[7] Curta 2001: "Ever since A. H. Jones interpreted the quaestura exercitus as an administrative reform designed to ensure a continuous food supply for troops stationed on the Thracian border, scholars insisted that the attributions of the quaestor were primarily financial. He was directly responsible for the annona (provisioning) of the army in Moesia Inferior and Scythia Minor. In addition, lead seals found in the region point to communication of some regularity between the two Balkan provinces included in the quaestura exercitus and the central government. Thirteen imperial seals, nine of which are from Justinian, demonstrate that officials in Scythia Minor received letters and written orders from the emperor."