Tek çenekliler
Tek çenekliler (Liliopsida), monokotiller (ya da monokotiledon), çoğunlukla tek yıllık, palmiyeler haricindeki otsu bitkileri kapsayan çiçekli bitkiler sınıfıdır.
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Bu sayfa, İngilizce Monocotyledon maddesinden çevrilmektedir. Siz de yardım etmek istiyorsanız ya da çeviri yarıda kalmışsa, çalışmaya katılan kişilerle veya çeviri grubu ile iletişime geçip, sayfanın durumunu onlara sorabilirsiniz. Sayfanın geçmişine baktığınızda, sayfa üzerinde çalışma yapanları görebilirsiniz. |
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Tohumlarında bir çenek bulunduğu için "bir çenekliler" olarak isimlendirilen, bir çenekliler; 50.000 ve 60.000 arası (IUCN21 Nisan 2006 tarihinde Wayback Machine sitesinde arşivlendi. sistemine göre) 59,300 bitki türünü kapsarlar. Bu gruptaki en büyük familya, yaklaşık yirmibin tür sayısıyla orkidegillerdir. Ekonomik önemleri olan buğdaygiller, bu grubun en önemli familyası konumundadır. Diğer ekonomik önemi olan familyaları ise; palmiyegiller, muzgiller, zencefilgiller ve zambakgillerdir.
Bir çeneklilerin iletim demetleri genellikle dağınıkdır. Kambiyum olmadığından normal sekonder kalınlaşma görülmez. Bu yüzden boyları uzun, gövdeleri incedir. Yaprakları genellikle ince uzun, paralel damarlı, kökleri saçaklıdır. Ana kök gelişimi erken durduğu için saçak kök sistemi bulunur. Çiçek parçaları genellikle üçlü olup, çiçek örtüsü çanak yaprak ve taç yaprak şeklinde farklılaşma göstermez.
Sınıflandırma
Topraktan çıkan (solda) bir "bir çenekli" ve (sağda) bir "iki çenekli" bitki.
Tarihte Monokotiller şöyle isimlendirilmişledir:
- Monocotyledoneae - "de Candolle" sistemi ve "Engler" sistemi.
- Monocotyledonlar - "Bentham & Hooker" sistemi ve "Wettstein" sistemi
- Sınıf: Liliopsida - "Takhtajan" sistemi ve Cronquist sistemi.
- Alt sınıf: Liliidae - "Dahlgren" sistemi ve "Thorne" sistemi (1992).
- Dal: Monokotiller - "APG sistemi", "APG II sistemi" ve "APG III sistemi"' ne göre.
Yukardaki bütün sistemler, bu grup için kendi taksonomilerini kullanırlar. Bir çenekliler, taksonomideki değişken konumuyla bilinirler.
Günümüzün moleküler çalışmaları, bir çeneklilerin akrabalık ilişkilerini açıklamaya yardımcı olmaktadır. APG III sistemi, bir çeneklileri bir takson olarak görmez, bunun yerine bu grubu monokotil dalına yerleştirir. Bu sisteme göre tek çenekliler; 11 takıma ve henüz herhangi bir takıma yerleştirilmemiş 1 familyaya ayrılırlar:
Cladogram 1: APG IV (2016) için kapalı tohumlularda tek çeneklilerin filojenik durumu
Cladogram 1: Phylogenetic position of the monocots within the angiosperms in APG IV (2016)[14]
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Cladogram 2: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots
Cladogram 2: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots[14]
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Dal (klad): Monocots (Monokotiller) (Tek çenekliler)
- Acorales Takımı Link
- Acoraceae Martinov
- Alismatales Takımı R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- §Alismataceae Vent. (Limnocharitaceae Takht. ex Cronquist'yi içine alır.)
- Aponogetonaceae Planch.
- Araceae Juss. (Yılanyastığıgiller)
- Butomaceae Mirb.
- Cymodoceaceae Vines
- Hydrocharitaceae Juss.
- Juncaginaceae Rich.
- Posidoniaceae Vines
- Potamogetonaceae Bercht. & J.Presl
- Ruppiaceae Horan.
- Scheuchzeriaceae F.Rudolphi
- Tofieldiaceae Takht.
- Zosteraceae Dumort.
- †Petrosaviales Takımı Takht.
- Petrosaviaceae Hutch.
- Dioscoreales Takımı R.Br.
- Burmanniaceae Blume
- Dioscoreaceae R.Br.
- Nartheciaceae Fr. ex Bjurzon
- Pandanales Takımı R.Br. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Cyclanthaceae Poit. ex A.Rich.
- Pandanaceae R.Br.
- Stemonaceae Caruel
- Triuridaceae Gardner
- Velloziaceae J.Agardh
- Liliales TakımıPerleb
- §Alstroemeriaceae Dumort. (Luzuriagaceae Lotsy'yi içine alır.)
- Campynemataceae Dumort.
- Colchicaceae DC.
- Corsiaceae Becc.
- Liliaceae Juss. (Zambakgiller)
- Melanthiaceae Batsch ex Borkh.
- *Petermanniaceae Hutch.
- Philesiaceae Dumort.
- Ripogonaceae Conran & Clifford
- Smilacaceae Vent.
- Asparagales Takımı Link
- $Amaryllidaceae J.St.-Hil. (Nergisgiller) (Agapanthaceae F.Voigt ve Alliaceae Borkh. (Soğangiller)'i içine alır.)
- $Asparagaceae Juss. (Agavaceae Dumort. (Sabırgiller veya Agavgiller) , Aphyllanthaceae Burnett, Hesperocallidaceae Traub, Hyacinthaceae Batsch ex Borkh., Laxmanniaceae Bubani, Ruscaceae M.Roem., Themidaceae Salisb.'yi içine alır.)
- Asteliaceae Dumort.
- Blandfordiaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Boryaceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & Conran
- Doryanthaceae R.Dahlgren & Clifford
- Hypoxidaceae R.Br.
- Iridaceae Juss. (Süsengiller)
- Ixioliriaceae Nakai
- Lanariaceae R.Dahlgren & A.E.van Wyk
- Orchidaceae Juss. (Salepgiller veya Orkidegiller)
- Tecophilaeaceae Leyb.
- $Xanthorrhoeaceae Dumort. (Asphodelaceae Juss. ve Hemerocallidaceae R.Br.'yi içine alır.)
- Xeronemataceae M.W.Chase, Rudall & M.F.Fay
Dal (klad): Commelinids (Kommelinidler)
- Dasypogonaceae Familyası Dumort. (Bir takım içinde yer verilmemiştir)
- Arecales Takımı Bromhead
- Arecaceae Bercht. & J.Presl (Palmiyegiller)
- Commelinales Takımı Mirb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl
- Commelinaceae Mirb.
- Haemodoraceae R.Br.
- Hanguanaceae Airy Shaw
- Philydraceae Link
- Pontederiaceae Kunth
- Poales Takımı Small
- Anarthriaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Bromeliaceae Juss. (Ananasgiller)
- Centrolepidaceae Endl.
- Cyperaceae Juss. (Papirüsgiller)
- Ecdeiocoleaceae D.F.Cutler & Airy Shaw
- Eriocaulaceae Martinov
- Flagellariaceae Dumort.
- Joinvilleaceae Toml. & A.C.Sm.
- Juncaceae Juss.
- Mayacaceae Kunth
- Poaceae Barnhart (Buğdaygiller)
- Rapateaceae Dumort.
- Restionaceae R.Br.
- Thurniaceae Engl.
- §Typhaceae Juss. (Sparganiaceae Hanin'yi içine alır.)
- Xyridaceae C.Agardh
- Zingiberales Takımı Griseb.
- Cannaceae Juss.
- Costaceae Nakai
- Heliconiaceae Vines
- Lowiaceae Ridl.
- Marantaceae R.Br.
- Musaceae Juss. (Muzgiller)
- Strelitziaceae Hutch.
- Zingiberaceae Martinov (Zencefilgiller)
Kullanımlar
Tek çenekliler ekonomik ve kültürel açıdan en önemli bitkiler arasındadır, tahıl taneleri ve nişastalı kök mahsulleri, palmiyeler, orkideler ve zambaklar dünyadaki temel besinlerin çoğunu oluştururken birçokları da inşaat malzemesi ve ilaç olarak kullanılır.[15] Tek çeneklilerden olan otlar, bir hayvan ve insan gıdası kaynağı olarak çok büyük ekonomik öneme sahiptir[16] ve üretilen biyokütle bakımından tarım türlerinin en büyük bileşenini oluşturmaktadır.[17][18]
Notlar
- In 1964, Takhtajan proposed that classes including Monocotyledons, be formally named with the suffix -atae, so that the principle of typification resulted in Liliatae for monocotyledons.[7] The proposal was formally described in 1966 by Cronquist, Takhtajan and Zimmermann,[2] from which is derived the descriptor "liliates".
- Tropicos gives an earlier authority, J.H. Schaffn. 1911[8]
- Cronquist[2] attributes this term to De Candolle as DC. 1818 Syst. 1: 122[13]
Kaynakça
- Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. ISSN 0024-4074.
- Cronquist, Takhtajan & Zimmermann 1966.
- Bessey 1915.
- de Candolle 1819.
- Tropicos 2015, Lilianae
- Takhtajan 1966.
- Takhtajan 1964.
- Tropicos 2015, Liliidae
- Thorne 1992a.
- Tropicos 2015, Liliopsida
- Eichler 1886.
- Tropicos 2015, Monocotylondoneae
- de Candolle 1818–1821.
- APG IV 2016.
- Soltis et al. 2005.
- Fay 2013.
- Panis 2008.
- Tang et al 2016.
- CoL 2015, Liliopsida
- IUCN 2016, Red List summary: All plant classes and families
- Kubitzki, Rudall & Chase 1998, A brief history of monocot classification p. 23
- Mauseth 2017, Anomalous forms of growth pp. 211–219
- l'Obel 1571, p. 65
- Pavord 2005, p. 339
- Scopoli 1772, Alisma pp. 266–267
- Takhtajan 2009, Liliopsida pp. 589–750
- Tillich 1998, Figure 1
Bibliyografya
Books
Historical
- Batsch, August Johann Georg Karl (1802). Tabula affinitatum regni vegetabilis, quam delineavit, et nunc ulterius adumbratam tradit A.J.G.C. Batsch ... (Latince). Weimar: Landes-Industrie-Comptoir.
- Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862–1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (Latince). Londra: L Reeve & Co.
- Birch, Thomas, (Ed.) (1757). The History of the Royal Society of London for Improving of Natural Knowledge from Its First Rise, in which the Most Considerable of Those Papers Communicated to the Society, which Have Hitherto Not Been Published, are Inserted as a Supplement to the Philosophical Transactions, Volume 3. Londra: Millar.
- de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1818–1821). Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.
- de Candolle, AP (1819) [1813]. Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux (2nd bas.).
- Eichler, August W. (1886) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (4th bas.). Berlin: Borntraeger.
- Engler, Adolf (1886). Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau (Almanca). J.U. Kerns Verlag (Max Müller). Erişim tarihi: 2 Mayıs 2015.
- Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1789). Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam. Paris. OCLC 5161409.
- Lindley, John (1830). An introduction to the natural system of botany: or, A systematic view of the organisation, natural affinities, and geographical distribution, of the whole vegetable kingdom: together with the uses of the most important species in medicine, the arts, and rural or domestic economy (1st bas.). Londra: Longman.
- Lindley, John (1853) [1846]. The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system (3rd. bas.). Londra: Bradbury & Evans.
- l'Obel, Matthias de (1571). Stirpium adversaria nova [A new notebook of plants]. Londra: Thomae Purfoetii.
- Malpighi, Marcello (1675). Anatome plantarum: Cui subjungitur appendix, iteratas & auctas ejusdem authoris de ovo incubato observationes continens (Latince). Londra: Johannis Martyn. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015.
- Malpighi, Marcello (1679). Anatome plantarum: Pars altera (Latince). Londra: Johannis Martyn. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015.
- Ray, John (1682). Methodus plantarum nova: brevitatis & perspicuitatis causa synoptice in tabulis exhibita, cum notis generum tum summorum tum subalternorum characteristicis, observationibus nonnullis de seminibus plantarum & indice copioso (Latince). Londra: Faithorne & Kersey.
- Ray, John (1696). De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis (Latince). Londra: Smith & Walford.
- Ray, John (1703). Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta: In quãa notae maxime characteristicae exhibentur, quibus stirpium genera tum summa, tum infima cognoscuntur & áa se mutuo dignoscuntur, non necessariis omissis. Accedit methodus graminum, juncorum et cyperorum specialis (Latince). Londra: Smith & Walford.
- Sachs, Julius von (1875). Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860 (Almanca). Munich: Oldenbourg. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015.
- Sachs, Julius von (1890) [1875]. Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860 [History of botany (1530-1860)]. translated by Henry E. F. Garnsey, revised by Isaac Bayley Balfour. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.30585. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2015., see also Google Kitaplar'da History of botany (1530-1860)
- Scopoli, Giovanni Antonio (1772). Flora Carniolica exhibens plantas Carnioliae indigenas et distributas in classes, genera, species, varietates, ordine Linnaeano. Vindobonensis (Vienna): Ioannis Pauli Krauss.
Modern
- Arber, Agnes (1925). Monocotyledons: a morphological study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bell, Adrian D. (2008) [1991]. Plant Form. An illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780881928501.
- 1st edition 9780198542193
- Bewley, J.Derek; Black, Michael; Halmer, Peter, (Edl.) (2006). The encyclopedia of seeds: science, technology and uses. Wallingford: CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-723-0. Erişim tarihi: 15 Aralık 2015.
- Crane, Peter R.; Blackmore, Stephen, (Edl.) (1989). Evolution, Systematics, and Fossil History of Hamamelidae. vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2015.
- Cronk, Quentin C.B.; Bateman, Richard M.; Hawkins, Julie A., (Edl.) (2002). Developmental genetics and plant evolution. Londra: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781420024982.
- Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
- Cronquist, Arthur (1988) [1968]. The evolution and classification of flowering plants (2nd bas.). Bronx, N.Y., USA: New York Botanical Garden. ISBN 9780893273323.
- Dahlgren, Rolf; Clifford, H. T. (1982). The monocotyledons: A comparative study. London and New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780122006807.
- Dahlgren, R.M.; Clifford, H.T.; Yeo, P.F. (1985). The families of the monocotyledons. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-642-64903-5. Erişim tarihi: 10 Şubat 2014.
- Datta, Subhash Chandra (1988). Systematic Botany (4 bas.). New Delhi: New Age Intl. ISBN 81-224-0013-2. Erişim tarihi: 25 Ocak 2015.
- Fernholm, Bo; Bremer, Kåre; Jörnvall, Hans, (Edl.) (1989). The hierarchy of life: molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis: proceedings from Nobel symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29-September 2, 1988. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica. ISBN 9780444810731.
- Hedges, S. Blair; Kumar, Sudhir, (Edl.) (2009), The timetree of life, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780191560156
- Hoeniger, F. David; Hoeniger, J. F. M. (1969). The Development of Natural History in Tudor England. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-918016-29-4.
- Hutchinson, John (1973). The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols (3rd bas.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9783874291606.
- Kubitzki, Klaus; Huber, Herbert, (Edl.) (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-64060-6. Erişim tarihi: 14 Ocak 2014.
- Kubitzki, Klaus, (Ed.) (1998). The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 4. Flowering Plants. Monocotyledons: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-662-03531-3.
- Leck, Mary Allessio; Parker, V. Thomas; Simpson, Robert L., (Edl.) (2008). Seedling ecology and evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873055.
- Lersten, Nels R. (2004). Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 9780470752678.
- Mauseth, James D. (2017) [1991]. Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology (6th bas.). Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 9781284077537.
- Oliver, Francis W., (Ed.) (1913). Makers of British Botany. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Pavord, Anna (2005). The naming of names the search for order in the world of plants. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781596919655. Erişim tarihi: 18 Şubat 2015. See also ebook 2010
- Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2013). Biology of plants (8th bas.). New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 9781464113512.
- Radosevich, Steven R.; Holt, Jodie S.; Ghersa, Claudio (1997). Weed ecology: implications for management (2nd bas.). New York: J. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-11606-8.
- Raven, Charles E. (1950) [1942]. John Ray, naturalist: his life and works (2nd bas.). Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521310833. Erişim tarihi: 10 Aralık 2015.
- Reed, Barbara, (Ed.) (2008). Plant cryopreservation a practical guide. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-72276-4.
- Short, Emma; George, Alex (2013). A primer of botanical Latin with vocabulary. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107693753. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2015.
- Smith, Alison M (2010). Plant biology. New York, NY: Garland Science. ISBN 9780815340256. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2015.
- Stace, Clive A. (1989) [1980]. Plant taxonomy and biosystematics (2nd. bas.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42785-2. Erişim tarihi: 29 Nisan 2015.
- Stebbins, G. Ledyard (1974). Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-30685-6. Erişim tarihi: 16 Aralık 2015.
- Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant Taxonomy: The Systematic Evaluation of Comparative Data. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-14712-5. Erişim tarihi: 6 Şubat 2014.
- Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S.; Endress, P.K.; Chase, M.W. (2005). Phylogeny and evolution of angiosperms. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer. ISBN 9781588342010. (see also: Excerpts at Amazon
- Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich (1966). "Lilianae". Система и филогения цветкорых растений (Sistema i filogeniia tsvetkovykh rastenii) [Systema et Phylogemia Magnoliophytorum] (Rusça). trans. C Jeffrey, as Flowering plants: Origin and dispersal, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1969. Moskova: Наука. s. 473. ISBN 0-05-001715-2. Erişim tarihi: 14 Ağustos 2015.
- Takhtajan, Armen (1991). Evolutionary trends in flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231073288.
- Takhtajan, Armen Leonovich (2009). Flowering Plants. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-9609-9. Erişim tarihi: 7 Ocak 2014.
- Wettstein, Richard (1924). Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols (3rd bas.). Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2015.
Symposia
- Columbus, J. T.; Friar, E. A.; Porter, J. M.; Prince, L. M.; Simpson, M. G., (Edl.) (2006). "Symposium issue: Monocots: comparative biology and evolution (excluding Poales). Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, 31 Mar–4 Apr 2003". Aliso. Claremont, Ca.: Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. 22 (1). ISSN 0065-6275. Erişim tarihi: 18 Ocak 2014.
- Rudall, P.J.; Cribb, P.J.; Cutler, D.F.; Humphries, C.J., (Edl.) (1995). Monocotyledons: systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the International Symposium on Monocotyledons: Systematics and Evolution, Kew 1993). Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. ISBN 978-0-947643-85-0. Erişim tarihi: 14 Ocak 2014.
- Wilkin, Paul; Mayo, Simon J, (Edl.) (2013). Early events in monocot evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01276-9. Erişim tarihi: 9 Aralık 2015.
- Wilson, K. L.; Morrison, D. A., (Edl.) (2000), Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998), Collingwood, Australia: CSIRO, ISBN 0-643-06437-0, erişim tarihi: 14 Ocak 2014 Excerpts
- Seberg, Ole; Petersen, Gitte; Barfod, Anders; Davis, Jerrold I., (Edl.) (2010). Diversity, phylogeny, and evolution in the Monocotyledons: proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons and the Fifth International Symposium on Grass Systematics and Evolution. Århus: Aarhus University Press. ISBN 978-87-7934-398-6.
- Tomlinson, P. B.; Zimmerman, Martin, (Edl.) (1978). Tropical Trees as Living Systems (Proceedings of the fourth Cabot Symposium held at Harvard Forest, Petersham Massachusetts on April 26-30, 1976). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-14247-2.
Chapters
- Anderson, CL; Janssen, T (23 Nisan 2009). Monocots. ss. 203-212. ISBN 9780191560156., in Hedges & Kumar (2009)
- Chase, M. W.; Duvall, M. R.; Hills, H. G.; Conran, J. G.; Cox, A. V.; Eguiarte, L. E.; Hartwell, J.; Fay, M. F.; Caddick, L. R.; Cameron, K. M.; Hoot, S. Molecular phylogenetics of Lilianae. ss. 109-137., In Rudall et al. (1995).
- Chase, M.W.; Soltis, D. E.; Soltis, P. S.; Rudall, P. J.; Fay, M. F.; Hahn, W. H.; Sullivan, S.; Joseph, J.; Molvray, M.; Kores, P. J.; Givnish, T. J.; Sytsma, K. J.; Pires, J. C. Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: An assessment of current knowledge and a new classification. ss. 3-16., in Wilson & Morrison (2000)
- Chase, M. W.; Stevenson, D. W.; Wilkin, P.; Rudall, P. J. Monocot systematics: A combined analysis. 2. ss. 685-730., In Rudall et al. (1995)
- Davis, Jerrold I.; Mcneal, Joel R.; Barrett, Craig F.; Chase, Mark W.; Cohen, James I.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Givnish, Thomas J.; Graham, Sean W.; Petersen, Gitte; Pires, J. Chris; Seberg, Ole; Stevenson, Dennis W.; Leebens-Mack, Jim (2013), "Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons", Early Events in Monocot Evolution, ss. 315-349, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015, ISBN 9781139002950, in Wilkin & Mayo (2013)
- Donoghue, Michael J.; Doyle, James A. (1989). Phylogenetic studies of seed plants and angiosperms based on morphological characters (PDF). ss. 181-193., in Fernholm, Bremer & Jörnvall (1989)
- Donoghue, Michael J.; Doyle, James A. (1989). Phylogenetic analysis of angiosperms and the relationships of Hamamelidae (PDF). ss. 17-45., In Crane & Blackmore (1989)
- Dransfield, John (10 Haziran 2010). Growth forms of rain forest palms. ss. 247-268. ISBN 9780521142472., in Tomlinson & Zimmerman (1978)
- Givnish, T.J.; Pires, J.C.; Graham, S.W.; McPherson, M.A.; Prince, L.M.; Patterson, T.B.; Rai, H.S.; Roalson, E.R.; Evans, T.M.; Hahn, W.J; Millam, K.C.; Meerow, A.W.; Molvray, M.; Kores, P.; O'Brien, H.E.; Kress, W.J.; Hall, J.; Sytsma, K.J. Phylogeny of the monocotyledons based on the highly informative plastid gene ndhF: evidence for widespread concerted convergence (PDF). ss. 28-51. 16 Ocak 2014 tarihinde kaynağından (PDF) arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 4 Ocak 2014. In Columbus et al. (2006)
- Herendeen, P. S.; Crane, P. R. (1995). The fossil history of the monocotyledons. ss. 1-21. In Rudall et al. (1995)
- Kubitzki, K; Rudall, PJ; Chase, MW (1998). Systematics and evolution. ss. 23-33. ISBN 9783662035337., In Kubitzki & Huber (1998).
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Articles
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- Tang, Cuong Q.; Orme, C. David L.; Bunnefeld, Lynsey; Jones, F. Andrew; Powell, Silvana; Chase, Mark W.; Barraclough, Timothy G.; Savolainen, Vincent (October 2016). "Global monocot diversification: geography explains variation in species richness better than environment or biology". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. doi:10.1111/boj.12497. Geçersiz
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Phylogenetics
- Bremer, Kåre; Wanntorp, Hans-Erik (Aug 1978). "Phylogenetic Systematics in Botany". Taxon. 27 (4): 317-329. doi:10.2307/1220367. JSTOR 1220367.
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- Chase, Mark W.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Morgan, David; Les, Donald H.; Mishler, Brent D.; Duvall, Melvin R.; Price, Robert A.; Hills, Harold G.; Qiu, Yin-Long; Kron, Kathleen A.; Rettig, Jeffrey H.; Conti, Elena; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Manhart, James R.; Sytsma, Kenneth J.; Michaels, Helen J.; Kress, W. John; Karol, Kenneth G.; Clark, W. Dennis; Hedren, Mikael; Gaut, Brandon S.; Jansen, Robert K.; Kim, Ki-Joong; Wimpee, Charles F.; Smith, James F.; Furnier, Glenn R.; Strauss, Steven H.; Xiang, Qui-Yun; Plunkett, Gregory M.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Swensen, Susan M.; Williams, Stephen E.; Gadek, Paul A.; Quinn, Christopher J.; Eguiarte, Luis E.; Golenberg, Edward; Learn, Gerald H.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Spencer C. H.; Dayanandan, Selvadurai; Albert, Victor A. (1993). "Phylogenetics of Seed Plants: An Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences from the Plastid Gene rbcL" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 80 (3): 528. doi:10.2307/2399846. JSTOR 2399846.
- Chase, Mark W. (2004). "Monocot relationships: an overview". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1645-1655. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1645. PMID 21652314. Geçersiz
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- Endress, P. K.; Doyle, J. A. (8 Ocak 2009). "Reconstructing the ancestral angiosperm flower and its initial specializations". American Journal of Botany. 96 (1): 22-66. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800047. PMID 21628175. Geçersiz
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- Givnish, Thomas J.; Zuluaga, Alejandro; Spalink, Daniel; Soto Gomez, Marybel; Lam, Vivienne K. Y.; Saarela, Jeffrey M.; Sass, Chodon; Iles, William J. D.; de Sousa, Danilo José Lima; Leebens-Mack, James; Chris Pires, J.; Zomlefer, Wendy B.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Stevenson, Dennis W.; dePamphilis, Claude; Specht, Chelsea D.; Graham, Sean W.; Barrett, Craig F.; Ané, Cécile (November 2018). "Monocot plastid phylogenomics, timeline, net rates of species diversification, the power of multi-gene analyses, and a functional model for the origin of monocots". American Journal of Botany. 105 (11): 1888-1910. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1178. PMID 30368769. Geçersiz
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|doi-access=free(yardım) - Janssen, Thomas; Bremer, Kare (December 2004). "The age of major monocot groups inferred from 800+ rbcL sequences". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 146 (4): 385-398. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00345.x. Geçersiz
|doi-access=free(yardım) - Leebens-Mack, Jim; Raubeson, Linda A.; Cui, Liying; Kuehl, Jennifer V.; Fourcade, Mathew H.; Chumley, Timothy W.; Boore, Jeffrey L.; Jansen, Robert K.; dePamphilis, Claude W. (October 2005). "Identifying the basal angiosperm node in chloroplast genome phylogenies: Sampling one's way out of the Felsenstein zone". Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (10): 1948-1963. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi191. PMID 15944438. Geçersiz
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APG
- APG (1998). "An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85 (4): 531-553. doi:10.2307/2992015. JSTOR 2992015.
- APG II (2003). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399-436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. Geçersiz
|doi-access=free(yardım) - APG III (2009). "An Update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105-121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Geçersiz
|doi-access=free(yardım) - APG IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1-20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Geçersiz
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Websites and databases
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- Stevens, P.F. (2015) [2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Missouri Botanical Garden, erişim tarihi: 31 Ocak 2017 (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website)
- Givnish, Thomas. "Assembling the phylogeny of the monocots". Monocot AToL Project. Madison: Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin. 14 Eylül 2006 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 1 Mart 2017.
- CoL (2015). "Catalogue of Life". ITIS. 19 Şubat 2004 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Şubat 2017.
- IUCN (2016). "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species". International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 31 Ekim 2003 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 6 Şubat 2017.
- "National Botanic Gardens of Ireland". 2016. 22 Kasım 2005 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 19 Ocak 2016.
- "Tropicos". Missouri Botanical Garden. 2015. 31 Mart 2008 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 30 Aralık 2015.
- "Class: Monocotyledoneae - Monocot". Plant Life Forms. 13 Ocak 2010 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Şubat 2017.
Dış bağlantılar
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