Büyük kütleli yıldızlar listesi

Güneş kütlesine (M☉) göre keşfedilen en büyük yıldızların listesi.

Eta Carinae, Bayer ismini taşıyan en büyük yıldız
R136
WR 25

Belirsizlikler ve uyarılar

Aşağıda listelenen kütlelerin çoğu tartışmaya açıktır ve mevcut araştırmanın konusu olarak inceleme altındadır. Bu yıldızlar kütlelerinin ve diğer özelliklerinin sürekli olarak gözden geçirilmesine tabidir. Aşağıdaki tabloda listelenen kütlelerin çoğu, yıldızların sıcaklık ve mutlak parlaklıklarının ölçümleri kullanılarak teorik olarak belirlenmektedir. Hem teori, hem de ölçümler mevcut bilgi ve teknolojinin sınırlarını zorlamaktadır bu nedenle her ikisi de yanlış olabilir. Örneğin, VV Cephei yıldızı hangi özelliğinin incelendiğine bağlı olarak 25–40 M☉ veya 100 M☉ arasında olabilir.

Güvenilir nadir tahminler

Tutulması olan ikili yıldızlar, kütleleri bir miktar güvenle tahmin edilen tek yıldızlardır. Ancak, aşağıdaki tabloda listelenen hemen hemen tüm kütlelerin dolaylı yöntemlerle çıkarıldığını unutmayın; tablodaki kütlelerin sadece birkaçı tutulma sistemleri kullanılarak belirlendi.

Yıldız evriminin önemi

Bazı yıldızlar bir zamanlar bugün olduğundan daha ağır olabilir. Birçoğunun, yüksek hızlı rüzgarların sıcak fotosfer tarafından uzaya yönlendirildiği süper rüzgar süreci tarafından belki de onlarca güneş kütlesi kadar önemli kütle kaybına maruz kalması muhtemeldir.

80M☉'den büyük yıldızlar
Yıldız adı Kütle
(Güneş= 1)		 Dünya'ya uzaklık (Işık yılı) Kütleyi hesaplamak için kullanılan model Kaynaklar
R136a1 315 163.000 Evrimsel model [1]
R136c 230 163.000 Evrimsel model [1]
BAT99-98 226 165.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [2]
R136a2 195 163.000 Evrimsel model [1]
Melnick 42 189 163.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [3]
R136a3 180 163.000 Evrimsel model [1]
HD 15558 >152 ± 51 24.400 İkili [4][5]
VFTS 682 150 164.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [6]
R136a6 150 157.000 Evrimsel model [1]
Melnick 34 A 147 163.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [7]
LH 10-3209 A 140 160.000[8] [9]
Melnick 34 B 136 163.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [7]
NGC 3603-B 132 ± 13 24.700 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [10]
HD 269810 130 163.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [11]
P871 130 ? [9]
WR 42e 130 ± 5 25.000 Üçlü sistemde fırlama [12]
R136a4 124 157.000 Evrimsel model [1]
Arches-F9 121 ± 10 25.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [13]
NGC 3603-A1a 120 24.700 Tutulmalı ikili [10]
LSS 4067 120 9.500-12.700 Evrimsel model [14]
NGC 3603-C 113 ± 10 22.500 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [10]
Cygnus OB2-12 110 5.220 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [15]
WR 25 110 10.500 İkili?
HD 93129 A  110 7.500 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli
WR21a A 103.6 26.100 İkili [16]
BAT99-33 (R99) 103 16.400 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [2]
Arches-F1 110 ± 9 25.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [13]
Arches-F6 106 ± 5 25.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [13]
R136a5 101 157.000 Evrimsel model [1]
η Carinae A 100 7.500 Parlaklık / İkili [17] Bayer ismine sahip en büyük yıldız
Peony Star (WR 102ka) 100 26.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [18]
Cygnus OB2 #516 100 4.700 Parlaklık?
Sk -68°137 99 ? [9]
R136a8 96 157.000 Evrimsel model [1]
Arches-F7 96 ± 6 25.000 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [13]
HST-42 95 ? [9]
P1311 94 ? [9]
Sk -66°172 94 ? [9]
R136b 93 163.000 Evrimsel model [1]
NGC 3603-A1b 92 24.800 [10]
HST-A3 91 ? [9]
HD 38282 B >90 Parlaklık [19]
Cygnus OB2 #771 90 4.700 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli?
HSH95 31 87 Evrimsel model[1]
HD 93250 86.83 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [20]
Arches-F15 88.5 ± 8.5 Parlaklık / atmosfer modeli [13]
LH 10-3061 85 160.000[8] [9]
BI 253 84
WR20a A 82.7 ± 5.5 Tutulmalı ikili [21]
MACHO 05:34-69:31 82 ? [9]
WR20a B 81.9 ± 5.5 Tutulmalı ikili [21]
NGC 346-3 81 ? [9]
HD 38282 A >80 Parlaklık [19]
Sk -71 51 80 Parlaklık [22]
Cygnus OB2-8B 80 Parlaklık?
WR 148 80 ? [23]
HD 97950 80 ?

80 Güneş kütlesinden küçük yıldızlara örnekler:

Var 83 in M33

25–79 Güneş kütlesindeki bazı yıldızlar
Yıldız adı Kütle
(Güneş= 1) 		Metod Kaynaklar
R139 A 78 [24]
V429 Carinae A 78
WR 22 78
Pismis 24-17 78 [25]
Cygnus OB2-11 73+32
-24 		[26]
Arches-F12 70–82
R126 70
M33 X-7 70 [27]
BD+43 3654 70
HD 93205 69 [9]
R136a7 69 Evrimsel model[1]
HD 93403 A 68.5
Arches-F18 67–82
Arches-F4 66–76
Arches-F28 66–76
HD 5980 B 66
HD 5980 A 61
60–85
S Monocerotis 59
WR 21a B 58.3 [16]
WR 102ea 58 [28]
CD Crucis A 57 [29]
HD 16691 56.6 [30]
ζ Puppis (Naos) 56.1 [30]
Arches-F21 56–70
Plaskett's Star B 56
Arches-F10 55–69
9 Sagittarii A 55
AG Carinae 55
BAT99-119 (R145) 53+20
-40 + 54+20
-40 		İkili [31][lower-alpha 1]
Arches-F14 54–65
BD+40° 4210 54
Plaskett's Star A 54
Arches-F3 52–63
HD 93129 B 52 [32]
Cygnus OB2-4 52
Arches-B1 50–60
CD Crucis B 48 [29]
Arches-F20 47–57
LH54-425 A=47 ± 2, B=28 ± 1 İkili[33] [33]
Arches-F16 46–56
WR 102c 45–55 [18]
HD 15558 B 45 ± 11 [4][5]
S Doradus 45
HD 50064 45
WR 141 45 [23]
IRS-8* 44.5 [34]
Cygnus OB2-8A A 44.1
Cygnus OB2-1 44
Cygnus OB2-10 43.1±14 [26]
Arches-F8 43–51
α Camelopardalis 43
Pismis 24-2 43
χ2 Orionis 42.3
Cygnus OB2-8C 42.2±14 [26]
Arches-F2 42–49
Cygnus OB2-6 42
HD 108 42
Sher 25 in NGC 3603 40–52
θ1 Orionis C 40
μ Normae 40
ρ Cassiopeiae 40 [35]
Cygnus OB2-7  39.7+17
-10 		[26]
Pismis 24-16 38
Pismis 24–25 38
Cygnus OB2-8A B 37.4
HD 93403 B 37.3
ζ1 Scorpii 36
Pismis 24-13 35
IC 10 X-1[36] 35
Cygnus OB2-9 A >34
Cygnus OB2-18 33
ζ Orionis (Alnitak) 33
Arches-F5 31–36
Cygnus OB2-5 A 31
Cygnus OB2-9 B >30
η Carinae B 30–80 Parlaklık/İkili [37]
ε Orionis (Alnilam) 30–64.5[38]
19 Cephei 30–35
γ Velorum A (Regor A) 30
P Cygni 30
HD 179821 30 [39]
VY Canis Majoris 30 (17–40) [40][41]
VFTS 352 A=28.63 ± 0.3. B=28.85 ± 0.3 [42]
The Pistol Star (V4647 Sgr) 27.5
HR 5171 Aa 27-36 [43]
10 Lacertae 26.9
ξ Persei (Menkib) 26–36
6 Cassiopeiae 25 [44]
Pismis 24-3 25
NGC 7538 S 25 [45]
VFTS 102 25
WOH G64 25 [46]

Kaynakça
  1. Crowther, Paul A.; Caballero-Nieves, S. M.; Bostroem, K. A.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Walborn, N. R.; Angus, C. R.; Brott, I.; Bonanos, A.; de Koter, A.; de Mink, S. E.; Evans, C. J.; Gräfener, G.; Herrero, A.; Howarth, I. D.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Puls, J.; Sana, H.; Vink, J. S. (2016). "The R136 star cluster dissected with Hubble Space Telescope/STIS. I. Far-ultraviolet spectroscopic census and the origin of He II λ1640 in young star clusters". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 458 (1): 624-659. arXiv:1603.04994 $2. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.458..624C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw273.
  2. Hainich, R.; Rühling, U.; Todt, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Liermann, A.; Gräfener, G.; Foellmi, C.; Schnurr, O.; Hamann, W. -R. (2014). "The Wolf–Rayet stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 565: A27. arXiv:1401.5474 $2. Bibcode:2014A&A...565A..27H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322696.
  3. Bestenlehner, J. M.; Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; Najarro, F.; de Koter, A.; Sana, H.; Evans, C. J.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Langer, N.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Simón-Díaz, S.; Taylor, W. D.; Walborn, N. R. (2014). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey. XVII. Physical and wind properties of massive stars at the top of the main sequence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A38. 570. arXiv:1407.1837 $2. Bibcode:2014A&A...570A..38B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423643.
  4. De Becker, M.; Rauw, G.; Manfroid, J.; Eenens, P. (2006). "Early-type stars in the young open cluster IC 1805". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 456 (3): 1121-1130. arXiv:astro-ph/0606379 $2. Bibcode:2006A&A...456.1121D. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20065300.
  5. Garmany, C. D.; Massey, P. (1981). "HD 15558 - an extremely luminous O-type binary star". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 93: 500. Bibcode:1981PASP...93..500G. doi:10.1086/130866.
  6. Bestenlehner, J. M.; Vink, J. S.; Gräfener, G.; Najarro, F.; Evans, C. J.; Bastian, N.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Bressert, E.; Crowther, P. A.; Doran, E.; Friedrich, K.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; De Koter, A.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Sana, H.; Soszynski, I.; Taylor, W. D. (2011). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: L14. arXiv:1105.1775 $2. Bibcode:2011A&A...530L..14B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117043.
  7. Tehrani, Katie A.; Crowther, Paul A.; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Littlefair, Stuart P.; Pollock, A M T.; Parker, Richard J.; Schnurr, Olivier (2019). "Weighing Melnick 34: The most massive binary system known". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (2): 2692-2710. arXiv:1901.04769 $2. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484.2692T. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz147.
  8. "A Cauldron of Newborn Stars". Sky and Telescope. 23 Temmuz 2010. 10 Eylül 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 5 Kasım 2017.
  9. Walborn, Nolan R.; Howarth, Ian D.; Lennon, Daniel J.; Massey, Philip; Oey, M. S.; Moffat, Anthony F. J.; Skalkowski, Gwen; Morrell, Nidia I.; Drissen, Laurent; Parker, Joel Wm. (2002). "A New Spectral Classification System for the Earliest O Stars: Definition of Type O2" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 123 (5): 2754-2771. Bibcode:2002AJ....123.2754W. doi:10.1086/339831. 1 Ekim 2018 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020.
  10. Crowther, P. A.; Schnurr, O.; Hirschi, R.; Yusof, N.; Parker, R. J.; Goodwin, S. P.; Kassim, H. A. (2010). "The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 M⊙ stellar mass limit". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 408 (2): 731-751. arXiv:1007.3284 $2. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.408..731C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17167.x.
  11. Evans, C. J.; Walborn, N. R.; Crowther, P. A.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Massa, D.; Taylor, W. D.; Howarth, I. D.; Sana, H.; Lennon, D. J.; Van Loon, J. T. (2010). "A Massive Runaway Star from 30 Doradus". The Astrophysical Journal. 715 (2): L74. arXiv:1004.5402 $2. Bibcode:2010ApJ...715L..74E. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/715/2/L74.
  12. Gvaramadze; Kniazev; Chene; Schnurr (2012). "Two massive stars possibly ejected from NGC 3603 via a three-body encounter". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 430: L20-L24. arXiv:1211.5926 $2. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.430L..20G. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sls041.
  13. Gräfener, G.; Vink, J. S.; De Koter, A.; Langer, N. (2011). "The Eddington factor as the key to understand the winds of the most massive stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 535: A56. arXiv:1106.5361 $2. Bibcode:2011A&A...535A..56G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116701.
  14. Massey, P.; Degioia-Eastwood, K.; Waterhouse, E. (2001). "The Progenitor Masses of Wolf-Rayet Stars and Luminous Blue Variables Determined from Cluster Turnoffs. II. Results from 12 Galactic Clusters and OB Associations". The Astronomical Journal. 121 (2): 1050-1070. arXiv:astro-ph/0010654 $2. Bibcode:2001AJ....121.1050M. doi:10.1086/318769.
  15. Clark, J. S.; Najarro, F.; Negueruela, I.; Ritchie, B. W.; Urbaneja, M. A.; Howarth, I. D. (2012). "On the nature of the galactic early-B hypergiants". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 541: A145. arXiv:1202.3991 $2. Bibcode:2012A&A...541A.145C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117472.
  16. Shenar, T.; Hainich, R.; Todt, H.; Sander, A.; Hamann, W.-R.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Eldridge, J. J.; Pablo, H.; Oskinova, L. M.; Richardson, N. D. (2016). "Wolf-Rayet stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud: II. Analysis of the binaries". Astronomy & Astrophysics. A22. 1604. arXiv:1604.01022 $2. Bibcode:2016A&A...591A..22S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527916.
  17. Clementel, N.; Madura, T. I.; Kruip, C. J. H.; Paardekooper, J.-P.; Gull, T. R. (2015). "3D radiative transfer simulations of Eta Carinae's inner colliding winds - I. Ionization structure of helium at apastron". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 447 (3): 2445-2458. arXiv:1412.7569 $2. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.447.2445C. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2614.
  18. Barniske, A.; Oskinova, L. M.; Hamann, W. -R. (2008). "Two extremely luminous WN stars in the Galactic center with circumstellar emission from dust and gas". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 486 (3): 971-984. arXiv:0807.2476 $2. Bibcode:2008A&A...486..971B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809568.
  19. Sana, H.; Van Boeckel, T.; Tramper, F.; Ellerbroek, L. E.; De Koter, A.; Kaper, L.; Moffat, A. F. J.; Schnurr, O.; Schneider, F. R. N.; Gies, D. R. (2013). "R144 revealed as a double-lined spectroscopic binary". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 432: L26-L30. arXiv:1304.4591 $2. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.432L..26S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slt029.
  20. Repolust, T.; Puls, J.; Herrero, A. (2004). "Stellar and wind parameters of Galactic O-stars. The influence of line-blocking/blanketing". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 415 (1): 349-376. Bibcode:2004A&A...415..349R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034594. Geçersiz |doi-access=free (yardım)
  21. Rauw, G.; Crowther, P. A.; De Becker, M.; Gosset, E.; Nazé, Y.; Sana, H.; Van Der Hucht, K. A.; Vreux, J. -M.; Williams, P. M. (2005). "The spectrum of the very massive binary system WR?20a (WN6ha + WN6ha): Fundamental parameters and wind interactions" (PDF). Astronomy and Astrophysics. 432 (3): 985-998. Bibcode:2005A&A...432..985R. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042136. 3 Ağustos 2020 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 10 Haziran 2020.
  22. Meynadier, F.; Heydari-Malayeri, M.; Walborn, N. R. (2005). "The LMC H II region N 214C and its peculiar nebular blob". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 436 (1): 117-126. arXiv:astro-ph/0511439 $2. Bibcode:2005A&A...436..117M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042543.
  23. Matteucci, Francesca; Giovannelli, Franco (2000). "The Evolution of the Milky Way". The Evolution of the Milky Way: Stars Versus Clusters. Edited by Francesca Matteucci and Franco Giovannelli. Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. 255. Bibcode:2000ASSL..255.....M. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-0938-6. ISBN 978-94-010-3799-0.
  24. Taylor, W. D.; Evans, C. J.; Sana, H.; Walborn, N. R.; De Mink, S. E.; Stroud, V. E.; Alvarez-Candal, A.; Barbá, R. H.; Bestenlehner, J. M.; Bonanos, A. Z.; Brott, I.; Crowther, P. A.; De Koter, A.; Friedrich, K.; Gräfener, G.; Hénault-Brunet, V.; Herrero, A.; Kaper, L.; Langer, N.; Lennon, D. J.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Markova, N.; Morrell, N.; Monaco, L.; Vink, J. S. (2011). "The VLT-FLAMES Tarantula Survey". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 530: L10. arXiv:1103.5387 $2. Bibcode:2011A&A...530L..10T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116785.
  25. Fang, M.; Van Boekel, R.; King, R. R.; Henning, T.; Bouwman, J.; Doi, Y.; Okamoto, Y. K.; Roccatagliata, V.; Sicilia-Aguilar, A. (2012). "Star formation and disk properties in Pismis 24". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 539: A119. arXiv:1201.0833 $2. Bibcode:2012A&A...539A.119F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201015914.
  26. Herrero, A.; Puls, J.; Najarro, F. (2002). "Fundamental parameters of Galactic luminous OB stars VI. Temperatures, masses and WLR of Cyg OB2 supergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 396 (3): 949-966. arXiv:astro-ph/0210469 $2. Bibcode:2002A&A...396..949H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021432.
  27. Orosz, J. A.; McClintock, J. E.; Narayan, R.; Bailyn, C. D.; Hartman, J. D.; Macri, L.; Liu, J.; Pietsch, W.; Remillard, R. A.; Shporer, A.; Mazeh, T. (2007). "A 15.65-solar-mass black hole in an eclipsing binary in the nearby spiral galaxy M 33". Nature. 449 (7164): 872-875. arXiv:0710.3165 $2. Bibcode:2007Natur.449..872O. doi:10.1038/nature06218. PMID 17943124.
  28. Adriane Liermann et all (2011). "High-mass stars in the Galactic center Quintuplet cluster". Bulletin de la Societe Royale des Sciences de Liege. 80: 160-164. Bibcode:2011BSRSL..80..160L.
  29. Bhatt, H.; Pandey, J. C.; Kumar, B.; Singh, K. P.; Sagar, R. (2010). "X-ray emission characteristics of two Wolf–Rayet binaries: V444 Cyg and CD Cru". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 402 (3): 1767-1779. arXiv:0911.1489 $2. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.402.1767B. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15999.x.
  30. Bouret, J. -C.; Hillier, D. J.; Lanz, T.; Fullerton, A. W. (2012). "Properties of Galactic early-type O-supergiants: A combined FUV-UV and optical analysis". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: A67. arXiv:1205.3075 $2. Bibcode:2012A&A...544A..67B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118594.
  31. Shenar, T. (2016). "The Tarantula Massive Binary Monitoring project: II. A first SB2 orbital and spectroscopic analysis for the Wolf-Rayet binary R145". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1610: A85. arXiv:1610.07614 $2. Bibcode:2017A&A...598A..85S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629621.
  32. Vink, J. S.; Davies, B.; Harries, T. J.; Oudmaijer, R. D.; Walborn, N. R. (2009). "On the presence and absence of disks around O-type stars". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 (2): 743-753. arXiv:0909.0888 $2. Bibcode:2009A&A...505..743V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912610.
  33. Williams, S. J. (2008). "Dynamical Masses for the Large Magellanic Cloud Massive Binary System [L72] LH 54-425". The Astrophysical Journal. 682 (1): 492-498. arXiv:0802.4232 $2. Bibcode:2008ApJ...682..492W. doi:10.1086/589687.
  34. Geballe, T. R.; Najarro, F.; Rigaut, F.; Roy, J. ‐R. (2006). "TheK‐Band Spectrum of the Hot Star in IRS 8: An Outsider in the Galactic Center?". The Astrophysical Journal. 652 (1): 370-375. arXiv:astro-ph/0607550 $2. Bibcode:2006ApJ...652..370G. doi:10.1086/507764.
  35. Gorlova, N.; Lobel, A.; Burgasser, A. J.; Rieke, G. H.; Ilyin, I.; Stauffer, J. R. (2006). "On the CO Near‐Infrared Band and the Line‐splitting Phenomenon in the Yellow Hypergiant ρ Cassiopeiae". The Astrophysical Journal. 651 (2): 1130-1150. arXiv:astro-ph/0607158 $2. Bibcode:2006ApJ...651.1130G. doi:10.1086/507590.
  36. Bulik, T.; Belczynski, K.; Prestwich, A. (2011). "Ic10 X-1/ngc300 X-1: The Very Immediate Progenitors of Bh-Bh Binaries". The Astrophysical Journal. 730 (2): 140. arXiv:0803.3516 $2. Bibcode:2011ApJ...730..140B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/730/2/140.
  37. Kashi, A.; Soker, N. (2010). "Periastron Passage Triggering of the 19th Century Eruptions of Eta Carinae". The Astrophysical Journal. 723 (1): 602-611. arXiv:0912.1439 $2. Bibcode:2010ApJ...723..602K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/602.
  38. Raul E. Puebla; D. John Hillier; Janos Zsargó; David H. Cohen; Maurice A. Leutenegger (2015). "X-ray, UV and optical analysis of supergiants: ε Ori". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 456 (3): 2907-2936. arXiv:1511.09365 $2. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.456.2907P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2783.
  39. Ferguson, Brian A.; Ueta, Toshiya (Mart 2010). "Differential Proper-motion Study of the Circumstellar Dust Shell of the Enigmatic Object, HD 179821". The Astrophysical Journal. 711 (2): 613-618. arXiv:1001.3135 $2. Bibcode:2010ApJ...711..613F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/613.
  40. "VLT image of the surroundings of VY Canis Majoris seen with SPHERE". www.eso.org. 1 Aralık 2015 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2018.
  41. Wittkowski, M.; Hauschildt, P.H.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J.M. (5 Nisan 2012). "Fundamental properties and atmospheric structure of the red supergiant VY CMa based on VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 540: L12. arXiv:1203.5194 $2. Bibcode:2012A&A...540L..12W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219126.
  42. Almeida, L. A.; Sana, H.; de Mink, S. E. (13 Ekim 2015). "DISCOVERY OF THE MASSIVE OVERCONTACT BINARY VFTS 352: EVIDENCE FOR ENHANCED INTERNAL MIXING". The Astrophysical Journal. 812 (2): 102. arXiv:1509.08940 $2. Bibcode:2015ApJ...812..102A. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/812/2/102.
  43. Wittkowski, M.; Arroyo-Torres, B.; Marcaide, J. M.; Abellan, F. J.; Chiavassa, A.; Guirado, J. C. (2017). "VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), σ Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 597: A9. arXiv:1610.01927 $2. Bibcode:2017A&A...597A...9W. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629349.
  44. Achmad, L.; Lamers, H. J. G. L. M.; Pasquini, L. (1997). "Radiation driven wind models for A, F and G supergiants". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 320: 196. Bibcode:1997A&A...320..196A.
  45. Moscadelli, L.; Goddi, C. (2014). "A multiple system of high-mass YSOs surrounded by disks in NGC 7538 IRS1". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 566: A150. arXiv:1404.3957 $2. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A.150M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423420.
  46. Ohnaka, K.; Driebe, T.; Hofmann, K. H.; Weigelt, G.; Wittkowski, M. (2009). "Resolving the dusty torus and the mystery surrounding LMC red supergiant WOH G64". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 4: 454. Bibcode:2009IAUS..256..454O. doi:10.1017/S1743921308028858. Geçersiz |doi-access=free (yardım)
  1. The masses were revised with better data, but refinements are still needed.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.